The Obesity Epidemic Remains A Public Health Concern...

CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW Overview The obesity epidemic remains a public health concern worldwide. Obesity rates remain high in the United States, where one third of adults are obese.1 According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the percent of children (ages 2-19 years) who are obese rose from 14.5% in 1999 to 17.3% in 2012.1 A recent study based on the 2012-2013 NHANES suggests a stabilization in obesity rates since 2003-2004, with a significant decrease among 2-5 year olds but no significant changes observed in other age groups.2 This literature review will examine the following topics: I) racial/ethnic disparities in the obesity trends and health implications; II) dietary and other factors driving the obesity epidemic; III) methods to assess dietary outcomes of interventions; IV) examples of interventions to reverse childhood obesity; V) the design of the Nià ±os Sano, Familia Sana (Healthy Children, Healthy Family) study; and VI) the rationale and need for this research. Throughout, these topics will particularly highlight evidence in Latino populations. . The Latino population in the United States is diverse. In this dissertation, the term Mexican-Origin is used to identify our study subjects who self-report as Mexican-American, Chicano or Mexican. The original terms (e.g. Latino, Hispanic, Mexican-American) used in other studies cited below will be retained to preserve integrity of the literature. I Racial/Ethnic Disparities inShow MoreRelatedObesity : Obesity And Diabetes833 Words   |  4 Pages Over the past several years, obesity has become a serious health concern in all around the world, Including the United States; overweight is at least partly responsible for the dramatic increase in diagnoses of type two diabetes (on-set diabetes) among children and adults. Diabesity is the label for diabetes occurring in the context of obesity (McNaughton 71 ). In Diabesity and the stigmatization of lifestyle in Australia we diagnose the correlation between obesity and diabetes; whether one of themRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On The United States Today1479 Words   |  6 Pagespediatric obesity now represents one of the most pressing nutritional problems facing children in the United States today. International population studies report comparable rates of increase, so that if current trends remain unchecked, childhood obesity is likely to challenge worldwide public health. Substantial consequences to physical and mental health, both short and long term, must be anticipated. Unfortunately, there is no uniform definition of childhood obesity. Childhood obesity has beenRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1099 Words   |  5 Pagesoverweight. As we remain the title of land of the free, we are looked upon by the rest of the world as â€Å"The fat country†. A label that you or I are not proud of and each day more and more people are becoming aware of the new epidemic called Obesity. Obesity is not only a major health issue in the United States but also the world. Over the past 30 years, The World Health Organization has considered increasing Obesity’s prevalence to epidemic levels. One result as to why, is that Obesity is putting moreRead MoreThe Documentary Fed Up Essay1224 Words   |  5 Pageswere not guaranteed. Now in the 21st century, data suggests, as mentioned in Fed Up, that there will be more deaths caused directly or indirectly by obesity than by starvation. The documentary Fed Up focuses on the terrifying issue that plagues the United States and the world: obesity. It delves into the components that contribute to this menacing epidemic that only continues to get worse. The documentary builds on the stories of four young American children from all over the country that are severelyRead MoreFast Food is Unhealthy Food Essay1686 Words   |  7 Pagesregularly eating unhealthy fast food meals, it is clear that fast food is linked to obesity. Fast-food companies, such as McDonalds, contribute to the global trend of obesity since they serve unhealthy food and lure customers through effective, yet deceitful, advertising. Almost all fast-food chains contribute to the obesity epidemic. Even though McDonalds refuses to admit that fast food is directly linked to obesity, it does acknowledge that â€Å"any processing our foods undergo make them more dangerousRead MoreObesity And Healthcare Economics : A Growing Problem Within The United States1661 Words   |  7 PagesObesity and Healthcare Economics A growing problem within the United States (US), as well as internationally, is the increasing epidemic of obesity. 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Some spe cific policies that exacerbate the problem will be looked at alongRead MoreFast Food And Its Effect On Obesity1655 Words   |  7 PagesKhalid Alebraheem ENG 101 November 25, 2014 Fast Food and Its Effect on Obesity Today, the names of fast food and obesity are synonymous worldwide. Since the 1970s, the number of fast food restaurants in the US has doubled, corresponding to approximately 300,000 new chains (Egger and Boyd 23). Equally, there has been an exponential increase in the number of obese people over the same period, turning obesity into a public health problem in the US and most developed nations (Egger and Boyd 25). HenceRead MoreEpidemiology Paper2419 Words   |  10 PagesNUR/408 July 23, 2012 Abstract Epidemiology is viewed as the fundamental science of public health and is key in endorsing optimal health in the community as a whole (Stanhope amp; Lancaster, 2008). Epidemiologic study and practice continues to reform public health and endeavors to prevent disease in communities across the world. This paper will address through descriptive epidemiology, the rising disease of obesity and will focus on the teen and adolescent population of the United States. This paperRead MoreEffects Of Obesity On The United States2026 Words   |  9 PagesUnited States and the rate continues to remain high. With the estimate of more than 33% of the United States adults (34.9%) and pretty near 17% or (12.7 million) of kids and youths matured 2-19 years of age are obese† (CDC, 2014). According to a study released in June of 2013, Mexico have passed the United States as the ‘fattest’ nation on 50% of the globe (CBS news, July 2013). With a 32.8 percent adult obesity rate, Mexico simply creeps past the 31.8% obesity rate in the United States, as indicated

Social Aggression Interpersonal Relationships, Social...

Social aggression harms one’s interpersonal relationships, social goals, and self-image. As Crick, Bigbee and Howes’s survey (1996, as cited in Martins Wilsons, 2012) showed, the social aggression is more frequently used among girls, since it can effectively damage girls’ social goals. Two theoretical explanations are provided for social aggression: social cognitive theory (Bandura, 2009, as cited in Martins Wilsons, 2012) and information processing theory (Huesmann, 1998, as cited in Martins Wilsons, 2012). Social cognitive theory reveals that observation of social interactions and media displays can contribute to one’s attainment of knowledge. Therefore, when children watch violent scenes on television, they may mimic those aggressive behaviors in real life. Information processing theory states that once the information from the environment is learned, it can be retrieved and emphasized through responses to social situations. In this way, the violent behaviors children learned through television are encoded into memory and normalized through everyday use. Media violence is considered as one of the causes of social aggression. Huesmann’s (2003, as cited in Martins Wilsons, 2012), Ostrov’s (2006, as cited in Martins Wilsons, 2012) and Kuntsche’s (2006, as cited in Martins Wilsons, 2012) studies have shown that observation of televised violence can increase female’s social aggression and male’s physical abuse. However, all of the studies do not provide evidenceShow MoreRelatedEffective Leaders Motivate And Motivate Followers And Achieve Collective Goals1599 Words   |  7 PagesEffective leaders motivate and inspire followers to achieve collective goals. 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What is the difference between passive and active acts of aggression? Give examples of each. The difference between passive and actives acts of aggression are 6. What are the primary characteristics of a psychopath found on the Hare PCL Checklist? The primary characteristics of a psychopath according to the Hare PCL checklist are: grandiose (exaggeratedly high) estimation of self, pathological lying, need for stimulation, glib and superficial charm, cunning and manipulativeness, lack of remorseRead MorePersonality Disorders : Borderline Personality Disorder926 Words   |  4 Pagespersonality disorder is the most frequent and the most severe of all personality disorders in clinical practice, it s a serious mental disorder with a characteristic pervasive pattern of instability in affect regulation, impulse control, interpersonal relationships, and self-image. It s characterized by severe psychological impairment and high mortality rate due to suicide. (Gado, 2016, p.47) Our group has chosen to focus and elaborate on some of the different personality disorders that exist as it relatesRead MoreEssay on Mass Media on Violence1502 Words   |  7 Pageson the market each year. As is such, a concern has been raised within our society as to these games and programs becoming increasingly violent and whether this will lead to heightened violence and aggression by those exposed to such material. Others claim that society has been viewing violent images for decades without problems and that giving individuals the excuse that one could be brainwashed into committing a crime by mass media leaves the door wide open for crimes without fear of consequenceRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder : A Deeper Look3021 Words   |  13 Pagescommonly diagnosed, among the most complex, one of the most studied, and is seen as one of the most devastating of the personality disorders (Gunderson, 2011). Borderline personality disorder in essence, â€Å"is a pattern of in stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity† (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). New evidence is leading to theories that borderline personality disorder has predisposing aspects that point to genetics as being one of the factors leadingRead MoreEssay on Acquiring Management Skills1033 Words   |  5 Pagescategories: A. Developing Self-awareness: This lies at the heart of the ability to master oneself. Developing self-control and clarifying priorities and goals, help individuals create direction in their own lives. Self knowledge may inhibit personal improvement rather than facilitate it. The reason is that individuals frequently evade personal growth and new self-knowledge. They resist acquiring additional information in order to protect their self-esteem or self-respect. 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Microalbumin Creatinine Ratio And Diabetes Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Microalbuminuria ( MA ) is one of the first indexs of kidney harm in diabetics. MA is considered to be a hazard factor for kidney disease, hence, it is recommended by the ADA that type 2 diabetics are screened for MA at diagnosing and yearly. This is so that diabetic kidney harm can be treated every bit shortly as microalbuminuria manifests, detaining patterned advance of kidney disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Microalbumin Creatinine Ratio And Diabetes Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Microalbuminuria occurs infinitesimal measures of albumin enter into the piss from the kidneys. Such bantam sums of urine protein normally can non be detected by conventional urine dipstick methods. Highly specific and sensitiveness immunochemical assaies are utilised to observe microalbumin. MA is defined by the ADA as elimination of 30-300 milligram of urinary albumen /24 hours or elimination of 30 to 300 mg/L of urinary albumen in a random or topographic point urine sample. Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio is frequently times measured alternatively of urinary albumen entirely, because ciphering the ratio corrects for the day-to-day fluctuations in protein elimination by the kidneys. Creatinine is excreted by the kidneys at a changeless rate and when compared to urine albumen as a ratio, it is a more dependable step of kidney map. Normoalbuminuria ( NA ) is defined as A ; lt ; 30 ug/mg in a random urine sample. Microalbuminuria ( MA ) is defined as 30-300 ug/mg and Macroalbumi nuria or open albuminuria ( OA ) is defined as A ; gt ; 300 ug/mg in a random urine sample. Recent surveies have indicated that there might be a nexus between cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) and microalbuminuria diabetes and in non-diabetics. The intent of this reappraisal is to happen out what is the grounds of an association between increased urine microalbumin and hazard of developing cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic grownups. Methods The database utilized to supply the original and secondary literature research was Ovid MEDLINE ( R ) 1996 to 2nd hebdomad of October 2010. Evidence-based literature databases provided by the Cochrane Library were besides searched. These included The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( Cochrane Reviews ) , The Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects ( Other Reviews ) and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials ( Clinical Trials ) . Cardinal footings were mapped to medical capable headers ( MESH ) before carry oning an Ovid hunt. Boolean AND was used to unite the cardinal PICO constituents of the research inquiry to contract hunt. Table 1 below shows a list of MESH footings utilized in the hunt. Cardiovascular diseases Urine microalbumin Type 2 diabetes Hazard Adults Cardiovascular Abnormalities Cardiovascular Infections Heart Diseases Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular Vascular Diseases Albuminurias Albuminurias Diabetic Kidney diseases Microalbuminuria Diabetess mellitus, type 2 Type ii diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Diabetess Mellitus, Slow Onset Hazard Hazard appraisal Hazard factor Adults Table 1 There were 122 articles retrieved, 16 commendations were considered relevant to the research inquiry. Figure 1 below shows the hunt scheme used to recover relevant commendations. Database: Ovid MEDLINE ( R ) A ; lt ; 1996 to October Week 2 2010 A ; gt ; Search Scheme: — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1 Cardiovascular Diseases/ur [ Urine ] ( 132 ) 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ and Albuminuria/ and Creatinine/ and Biological Markers/ ( 60 ) 3 Risk/ ( 28311 ) 4 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ and Adult/ ( 14744 ) 5 1 and 2 ( 1 ) 5 1 and 2 ( 1 ) 6 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ and Adult/ ( 14744 ) 7 Cardiovascular Diseases/ur [ Urine ] ( 132 ) 8 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ and Albuminuria/ and Cardiovascular Diseases/ ( 194 ) 9 Risk/ or Risk Factors/ ( 353907 ) 10 8 and 9 ( 122 ) Figure 1 Seven commendations retrieved were original surveies and after application of inclusion/exclusion standards, five surveies were chosen for the literature reappraisal. Table 2 below shows inclusion/exclusion standards applied. Choice standards Inclusion Criteria* Exclusion Criteria* Population Adults with diabetes mellitus, type 2 Adults without diabetes mellitus, type 2 Interventions Measure urine micro albumen and creatinine ratio, ( albuminuria, proteinuria ) No measuring of urine microalbumin and creatinine ratio. Result Examine consequences for positive correlativity between urine microalbumin and creatinine ratio and cardiovascular hazard factors Lack of comparison/correlation of UACR values with cardiovascular hazard factors. Study Design Prospective cohort surveies with comparing to gold standard trial. Prospective cohort missing a gilded criterion or cross-sectional or retrospective survey Case series/reports, non-systematic reappraisals, Journal reappraisals Table 2 Other relevant commendations were retrieved by manus seeking mentions of primary and secondary beginnings. These are included in the mention subdivision of the reappraisal. Literature reappraisal Microalbuminuria as a cardiovascular hazard factor in type 2 diabetic patients After finishing the literature hunt, five surveies clearly established a strong association between the presence of microalbuminuria and increased hazard of cardiovascular events. Four of the surveies were similar in that they were prospective cohort surveies look intoing the [ possible nexus between increased urinary elimination of albumen and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetics. Prospective cohort surveies provided the strongest grounds for forecast surveies. The research workers used multivariate statistics to command confusing variables such as age, sex, entire and HDL cholesterin. The surveies likewise showed on norm a two to three fold addition in cardiovascular end points in diabetics with microalbuminuria than those without it. These two surveies besides showed that microalbuminuria, more specifically urinary albumen -to- creatinine ratio ( UACR ) , gross albuminuria and decreased eGFR were independent hazard factors for cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetics. In t he Action in Diabetes and Vascular disease: preterAx and diamicroN-MR Controlled Evaluation ( ADVANCE ) survey, Ninomiya et Al. ( 2009 ) investigated the effects of urinary albumen -to- creatinine ratio ( UACR ) and eGFR on cardiovascular and nephritic events in 10,640 patients. Patients were followed for about four old ages. After accommodations for other hazard factors utilizing multivariate statistical analysis, the survey research workers concluded that patients with baseline albuminuria ; UACR A ; gt ; 300 mg/g and eGFR A ; lt ; 60 ml/min per 1.73 M2, had 3 times greater hazard of cardiovascular events and 22 times greater hazard for nephritic events than with patients without these hazard factors. Validity was high in this survey because the sample size was sufficiently big plenty to acquire precise estimations of the effects of proteinuria, and at that place was statistical control for other variables set uping high proteinurias and low eGFR are independent hazard factors f or cardiovascular and nephritic events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Similarly, Valmadrid et Al. ( 2000 ) established that microalbuminuria and gross albuminurias were independent hazard factors for developing cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetics. A prospective cohort survey of 840 people with diabetes mellitus type 2, established a 1.8-fold increased hazard for cardiovascular decease and a 2-fold increased hazard for CHD mortality in this population than other type 2 diabetics with normoalbuminuria. In this survey, patients were followed for 12 old ages. Persons with normoalbuminuria were compared with those with microalbuminuria and gross albuminuria for hazard of cardiovascular mortality. The comparative hazard RR for CVD was 1.84 ( 95 % [ CI ] , 1.42-2.40 ) for those with microalbuminuria and 2.61 ( 95 % CI, 1.99-3.43 ) for those with gross albuminurias. In another prospective cohort survey by Gimeno et Al. ( 2006 ) , 436 type 2 diabetic patients with a average age of about 65 old ages were followed for approximately 7 and a half old ages until a cardiovascular event occurred. Study topics did non hold albuminurias, and were classified into four groups: based on prevalent or non-prevalent CVD and normoalbuminuria or microalbuminuria.The control group had normoalbuminuria and no CVD. Researchers in this survey found out that the hazard of microalbuminuric patients without open CVD was similar to the hazard of normoalbuminuric patients with open CVD. In cross-sectional analysis by Savage et Al. ( 1996 ) conducted in the Denver country increased urinary protein was associated with an increased prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. A 2004 Double blind, randomized test by de Zeeuw et Al. ( 2004 ) showed that cut downing proteinurias in the first 6 months appears to afford cardiovascular protection in type 2 diabetic patients. Losartan, an angiotonin II adversary was used dainty proteinurias in these patients and was compared to placebo. Patients with low-level proteinurias were compared to patients with high degrees of proteinuria. Upon posthoc analysis, there was a 1.92-fold ( 95 % CI, 1.54 to 2.38 ) hazard for CVD and a 2.70-fold ( 95 % CI, 1.94 to 3.75 ) higher hazard for bosom failure compared to patients with low proteinurias Other Studies and related reappraisals Several surveies including hypertensive patients, diabetics and non-diabetes showed association of microalbuminuria and CVD. Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES ) analyzed informations for 14,586 grownups in the US after a 13year follow-up period from 1988-2000. Low eGFR and high UACR independently predicted cardiovascular and general mortality. Discussion/summary The literature reappraisal shows that there is an association between microalbuminuria and cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients. Some of the literature established that microalbuminuria predicts CVD in patients with high blood pressure. All of the primary surveies reviewed utilized a prospective cohort research design, which is a flat one evidenced for forecast surveies. Internal cogency was really strong for the surveies but external cogency was low for the Gimeno survey because patients ‘ were selected from a specialised clinic so they could non be representative of the full diabetic population. In contrast, the ADVANCE survey patients were selected from many different locations supplying strong external cogency. The Gimeno survey used one urine sample for baseline line categorization of urinary albumen degrees and could hold improved cogency by proving at least three urine samples earlier categorization as this is normally recommended. When proving topographic p oint urine samples for microalbumin, one of the restrictions is that there is day-to-day variableness in urine protein degrees and degrees can be affected by transeunt protein signifier vigorous exercising, desiccation urinary piece of land infections. Choice prejudice could hold been farther reduced in the Savage et Al. survey in the Denver country but including a more representative sampling of the country demographics. There was a higher per centum of minorities enrolled in the survey than is true of the Denver country. The mechanism by which microalbuminuria is linked to CVD is non yet known. Further probe is needed so as to effectual cut down microalbuminuria in diabetics and in the general population. Recent surveies have shown angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors and angiotonin II adversaries such as Lorsatan, to cut down urinary albumen degrees in patients. The efficaciousness of other drug therapies to cut down proteinuria is being investigated. The thiazolidinediones drugs used to better glucose control have besides been shown to cut down microalbuminuria in diabetics. In the Framingham Heart Study, MA was determined to be a hazard factor for CVD at really low degrees that were below the recognized scope for subclinical kidney disease. Microalbuminuria is an independent and signii ¬?cant forecaster of CVD events and all-cause mortality in patients ( Astor B.C. , Hallan S.I. , Miller, 3rd, 3rdE.R. , et Al ) ( 2008 ) How to cite Microalbumin Creatinine Ratio And Diabetes Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Accounting Software MYOB

Question: Is MYOB enough for recording, reporting and providing quality information for the users of accounting information? Answer: Introduction MYOB is widely used accounting software of Australia. This software is used by many organizations and it is also preferred by the accountants as it is easy to use and it also provides quality information to the accountants and the management of the company. We can record all the accounting transactions in MYOB software and it also provides very useful information to the users of accounting information for decision making. Therefore, the management and accountants can take informed business decisions with the help of accounting information provided by MYOB (www. www.digitalfirst.com 2016). Is MYOB enough for recording, reporting and providing quality information for the users of accounting information? MYOB is widely used to record the accounting transactions. The users can record variety of business transactions in this software. MYOB allows the user to record purchase, sales, cash receipt, cash payments, and general journals. MYOB also allows the user to maintain and process payroll of the company. The accountants can also reconcile bank balance with the help of bank reconciliation function provided by MYOB. This accounting software also allows users to maintain and record inventory. This enables maintenance of perpetual inventory system which is widely helpful from the perspective of internal controls and management information system. Thus, MYOB is complete accounting software and it allows recording of all the business transactions. There is no of additional software for recording accounting transactions (www.willhardy.com.au 2016). MYOB also helps in financial reporting of an entity. The users of financial statements can generate monthly financial statements like Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statement. The users can also generate real time trial balance and general ledgers. This helps the management in review of financial position and financial condition of the company. The financial statements generated by MYOB are customized according to the industry standards and best practices. Therefore, the management gets the financial statements in easy to understand format. The accountants do not have to spend their time in preparing financial statements (www.distance.mak.ac.ug 2016). MYOB Accounting Software also provides various type of accounting reports which can be helpful to the management in taking informed business decisions. It provides various in built reports in respect of purchase, sales, cash receipts, cash payments, accounts receivables, accounts payables, GST, cash flows, inventory, payroll etc. Moreover, the company can also add more reports and customize existing reports as per its requirements. These reports help the management in monitoring and controlling the business of the company. The quality of accounting information provided by reports of MYOB is also very good as its quality of reporting is verified by various experts and its reporting quality is trusted. The management of the company can evaluate ageing position of receivables through receivable ageing report provided by MYOB. This report helps the management in evaluating whether customers are making timely payment or not and whether there are any old outstanding receivables. The manage ment can take corrective actions to realize money from the old outstanding receivables with the help of this report. Similarly, MYOB provides inventory analysis report. The management can review movement of inventory with the help of this report. It can also identify slow moving and non moving inventory items with the help of inventory ageing reports. The management can take corrective steps to dispose and reduce level of slow moving / non-moving inventory with the help of this report. MYOB provides numerous reports like this and it can be very helpful to the users of accounting information (www.textbookmedia.com 2016). Conclusion It can be seen from the above discussion that MYOB is comprehensive accounting software. It can be used for recording all the business transactions and it is also helpful in financial reporting and management information system. Moreover, quality of information provided by MYOB is also good. Therefore, we can say that MYOB enough for recording, reporting and providing quality information for the users of accounting information (www.itseducation.asia 2016). References 1. Accessed online from https://www.digitalfirst.com/myob-essentials-accounting-vs-xero-review-best-micro-business/ 2. Accessed online from https://www.itseducation.asia/computerized-accounting.htm 3. Accessed online from https://www.textbookmedia.com/media/f9ce579b-9b49-4e5d-b6c4-8cb327a922c4.pdf 4. Accessed online from https://willhardy.com.au/media/portfolio/requirements/SRS.pdf 5. Accessed online from https://www.google.co.in/interstitial?url=https://www.distance.mak.ac.ug/sites/default/files/publications/NAMUSAZI_IRENE_Report.pdf