A Literature Review Of The Norovirus - 928 Words

The following is a literature review of the Norovirus. According to Prasad, Hardy, Dokland, Bella, Rossmann and Estes, Norovirus is classified as a virus belonging to the Caliciviridae family. The genus Norovirus has only one species known as the Norwalk Virus (NV) and a number of serotypes. These strains of Norovirus are classified genetically into five genogroups, namely GI, GII, GIII, GIV and GV. Only viruses in the GI and GII genotypes affect humans. Noroviruses under GI genotype include the Southampton Virus and the Norwalk Virus. Noroviruses under GII genotype include the Lordsdale Virus, Hawaii Virus, Mexico Virus, Bristol Virus and the Snow Mountain Virus. The rest of this paper covers the characteristics of the Norovirus, the diseases it causes, its diagnosis and treatment, its hosts and finally its prevalence in the United States. Figure 1 shows the appearance of the Norovirus, as taken using X-ray diffraction method by Prasad et al. Figure 2 shows other characteristics of the virus (Swiss institute of Bioinformatics). Figure 1: Crystallographic structure Figure 2: Other characteristics The distinguishing characteristics of the Norovirus, as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, include Icosahedral geometry, amorphous surface structure, non-enveloped capsid and varying capsid diameters. Virus particles with a capsid diameter exceeding 38nm have a T=3 symmetry while virus particles with capsid diameter not exceeding 23nm have aShow MoreRelatedThe Prevention of Nosocomial Infections2337 Words   |  9 Pagesviruses, which I believe are Norovirus, Influenza and Varicella Zoster Virus. I will primarily focus my essay on these viruses while also highlighting the optimisation of new detection methods in diagnostic specimens. (2. Nosocomial Viruses: †¢ Norovirus Noroviruses are now accepted widely as a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in both developed and developing countries, primarily in the healthcare environment (Thorne Goodfellow, 2014). I believe that Norovirus is one of the most pathogenicRead MoreInfectious Disease Prevention And Control2711 Words   |  11 Pagesprogress and change. Literature Review In my first source â€Å"Detecting the Norovirus Season in Sweden†, this study chose to research common search histories people have used in order to anticipate an infection outbreak. Edelstein used the example of tracking influenza outbreaks via Internet searches to use as surveillance. This report also tracked the number of gastroenteritis cases entered into computer systems as well as the number of calls made from patients reporting possible norovirus symptoms. AccordingRead MoreAn Evaluation of an on-Farm Food Safety Program for Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Producers; a Global Blueprint for Fruit and Vegetable Producers51659 Words   |  207 PagesVegetable Growers. It is imperative that industry and government alike continue to fund real-world practical research and continue to develop the food safety professionals of tomorrow. February 6, 2005 Ben TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. A Review Of Current And Relevant Publications Relating To The Development Of Risk-Based On-Farm Food Safety Practices For Produce In Canada. 1 Introduction 1 Microbial food safety 2 Risk analysis 5 Risk 7 Risk-based food systems 14 MicrobialRead MoreEssay on Clinical Practice Have Been Revolutionised by PCR1825 Words   |  8 Pagesbeen in clinical practice. The purpose of the essay is to discuss how PCR have revolutionised clinical practice. Method: PubMed Central (The U.S. National Institution of Health) has been used predominantly as a source of primary literature. Some secondary literature has been used for definitions and to advance the understanding the methods of PCR. Search engine also have been used throughout the essay for other journal and websites. Discussion: Prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell anaemia is oneRead MoreLiterature Review : Hand Hygiene3082 Words   |  13 Pages Literature Review - Hand Hygiene Tyree Berlin East Tennessee State University July 12, 2015 Introduction Hand hygiene compliance is often neglected by health care workers, even though it puts patients at risk for infection. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) (n.d.) there are over 1.4 million Health-Care Associated Infections (HAIs) at any given time, therefore the issue of hand hygiene can not be neglected. Patients in all health care settings are at

Mircea Eliade on Religion - 1822 Words

Mircea Eliade On Religion Several people find Mircea Eliade’s view on religion similar to Emile Durkheim’s, but in truth, it is similar to Tylor and Frazer’s. One of Eliade’s major works was The Sacred and the Profane. In his writings he explains that his understanding of religion are two concepts: the sacred and the profane. The profane consists of things that are ordinary, random, and unimportant, while the sacred is the opposite. The sacred â€Å"is the sphere of supernatural, of things extraordinary, memorable, and momentous† (Pals 199). When Durkheim mentioned the sacred and the profane, he was concerned about society and its needs. In Eliade’s view, the concern of religion is with the supernatural. To Eliade, the profane doesn’t hold as†¦show more content†¦He believed adamantly in the autonomy of religion. When discussing religion eliade believed religion consisted of the profane and the sacred. The profane consisted everyday business, things ordinary, random, and largely unimportant, whereas the sacred consisted of the supernatural, of things extraordinary, memorable, and momentous. Although the terms of the profane and the sacred are familiar in the works of Durkheim there is a subtle difference in the way they both apply the terms to religion. Durkheim considers the talk of the profane and sacred in the way it makes people aware of their social duties whereas eliade considers the talk of profane and sacred firmly entrenched in the supernatural. Eliade based all his observations of religion on the archaic man. He believes to truly understand and study religion we need to study the archaic man or people in today’s societies who live like the archaic man, those who hunted, fished, and lived off nature as their primary way of life. Archaic man, as eliade suggests, looked to the sacred to provide the very framework within which they think, the values which they admire, an models or ‘archetypes’ th ey choose to follow whenever they act. Eliade supposes that the archaic man chooses to live life in the model of the divine because they have a deep nostalgia for paradise, a longing to be brought close to the gods, a desire to return to the realm of theShow MoreRelatedAboriginal Australia as a Dream Culture738 Words   |  3 PagesAboriginal Australians general culture and their conceptions of â€Å"Dream Time.† In his discussion of religion, Mircea Eliade describes a concept of Cosmos vs Chaos (Eliade 1957). In this notion an unordered world is chaotic only until is it transposed during a sacred time: â€Å"By occupying it and, above all, by settling in it, man symbolically transforms it into a cosmos though a ritual repetition of the cosmogony† (Eliade 1957:31). In other words until a land is tamed or created it is considered unordered. ThisRead MoreHumberto Garcia Religion 110 Professor W. Raver Popol Vuh Myths organize the way we perceive and700 Words   |  3 PagesHumberto Garcia Religion 110 Professor W. Raver Popol Vuh Myths organize the way we perceive and understand our reality. Myths grant stability to a culture, and in this respect; serve to explain the unexplainable. From Barbra Sproul’s perspective, creation myths reveal basic religious concerns pertaining to how the universe was formed, and how people or societies are fashioned. Myths speak of the transcendent and unknowable aspects in a drama that attempt to reveal and give reason to human existenceRead MoreCan a Definition of Religion Be Academically Useful? 630 Words   |  3 PagesA definition of Religion is and can be academically useful. It’s the same as with science as it is with religion, the ability to have a definition, creates academic validity for the subject. One has the ability to point to a certain section or a topic of a book and then support themselves with a fundamental definition. Now the problem that arises in religious studies is that the definition is not always accurate or consistent. Many different a cademic scholars and writers have their own beliefs andRead MoreReligion Provides a Humane Society as a Whole Essay721 Words   |  3 PagesWhere does religion come from and what is its function? This simple question has been studied, defined, and debated by a variety of individuals with differing schools of thought throughout history. Although the conjunction of different ideologies from many of these theorists would provide the most comprehensive solution to this question, Mircea Eliade’s theory as a whole most convincingly addresses this question compared other separate theories as a whole. In particular, Eliade’s emphasis of studyingRead More The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism by Max Weber1103 Words   |  5 PagesWeber saw religion from a different perspective; he saw it as an agent for change. He challenged Marx by saying that religion was not the effect of some economical social or psychological factor. But that religion was used as a way for an explanation of things that cause other things. Because religious forces play an important role in reinforces our modern culture, Weber came to the conclusion that religion serves as both a cause and an effect. Weber didn’t prose a general theory of religion but focusedRead MoreThe Sacred And The Profane2581 Words   |  11 Pagesplaces become associated with a divine presence, and are ultimately labeled as sacred for a particular religion. In The Sacred and the Profane, Mircea Eliade describes the key elements that define a space as sacred rather than profane. He stresses his belief that not all space is homogenous, and that there are certain places that hold more significance and importance than others. Not only that, Eliade also introduces the idea of the axis mundi, a relative center of the earth that serves as a point ofRead MoreChristianity and The Lutheran Religion847 Words   |  3 PagesThe Lutheran religion was originally branched from Christianity, and is a massi ve Protestant denomination currently. Nearly 66 million people worldwide practice this religion (Lutheranism). Lutheran has a membership which exceeds any other Protestant denomination. Germany is the primary Lutheran country, as it was from the start (Martin Luther 1483-1546, BBC). This religion dates back to 1517, the founder of this religion was Martin Luther (McHugh, John). Martin Luther was born on November 10thRead MoreMax Weber’s and Mircea Eliade’s Disagreement with Durkheim, Marx and Freud1730 Words   |  7 Pagestheorists that tried to reduce religion to simple explanations. Marx explained religion as a phenomenon created by economic position meant to give reason to people’s social economic position and thus provide them satisfaction, while they are promised salvation in paradise. Durkheim reduced religion as something created by the social interaction of people, thus making religion a social phenomenon, in which people interact and have rites. Freud, on the other hand, explained religion as being neurotic due toRead MoreEmile Durkheim And Mircea Eliade1117 Words   |  5 PagesÉmile Durkheim and Mircea Eliade have dissimilar understandings of religion. Emile Durkheim did not have an interest in a belief system or the cognitive approach. He dismissed the study of how particular beliefs lead to certain practices and adop ted a functionalist approach. He does not acknowledge the belief in God, rather focuses on what religion does within society. He believed that individuals encompassed a more pure form and focused on the essential structure of religion. His theory of totemismRead MoreThe Interpretation of Aboriginal Dreams 567 Words   |  2 Pageswhen the Supernatural Beings appeared and began to transform the world, wandering across immense territories, producing plants and animals, making man as he is today, giving him his present institutions and ceremonies-this epoch was the â€Å"Dream Time† (Eliade 1957:43). This process unlike Western modes of Dreams does not take place in a slumber state or strictly out of the unconscious thought. Dreams and there psychological origin have been analyzed and interpreted by people such as Freud in The Method

Politics in Modern Film (V for Vendetta) Free Essays

The film I focused on for this essay, V for Vendetta, was filmed and produced in 2006 by Warner Brothers. The plot of the film circulates around a mysterious and charismatic masked freedom fighter being hunted down by the totalitarian British government in the near future. Although his full identity is kept a mystery throughout the film, audiences learn he was a victim of a cruel scientific experiment involving â€Å"unwanted† British citizens and hormonal drugs. We will write a custom essay sample on Politics in Modern Film (V for Vendetta) or any similar topic only for you Order Now He spends decades planning out his revenge on those involved. While making preparations for both his revenge and a nation-wide revolution, the character known only as V has a run-in with a young woman working for the broadcasting station he later taking hostage. The day he takes the station hostage, the woman named Evey recognizes him as the same man who rescued her one night from crooked British patrolmen prowling the streets. Evey comes to his aid as V is almost caught and she is knocked unconscious in the process.The rest of the film leads audiences into the ever-thickening plot as a detective investigates and attempts to track down the â€Å"terrorist† only to discover an even more sinister power behind the deaths of thousands of British citizens: their own government. Putting this film into a category based on its intended audience was a challenge. The film expresses values both of the mass and subgroup categories. The values shown are ones that indirectly praise American government for its constitutional rights of religion, press and speech, but it also promotes ideas of anarchy.Although both views have their strong arguing points in the film, I believe this film expressed more mass values. This is because the criteria for subgroup values demands that the public must be largely portrayed as being stupid and counter-active to the goal at hand. However, in this film, V must rely solely on the public‘s participation in order to carry through his vision of freedom. In a televised speech to the populace, V makes claims that have resounding similarities to our Constitution and Declaration of Independence. Fairness, justice and freedom are more than words. They are prospectives. † He says. This is, in my mind, one of the most profound quotes in the film, behind his other statement that †people should not be afraid of their governments; governments should be afraid of their people. † The timing of the film and its statements on war point directly to America’s involvement in the war on terror and to President George Bush. The movie was filmed in 2005, only two years after the official war in Iraq was launched.The High Chancellor in the film, Adam Suttler, is described as being an ultra-conservative man with no understanding of political process. This parallel seems to encourage a commonly debated political theme pointed out in the White House by Americans opposed to the invasion and the war overseas. The film even makes a blatant statement about America being in an on-going war that deprived it of its wealth and resources. A line reads: â€Å"They were a country who had everything, absolutely everything; and now, 20 years later is what?The world’s biggest leaper colony. † There are still many Americans today who have strong aversion to the presence of American military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan. â€Å"The Voice of England†, the a man revered as the biggest spokesperson in the English broadcasting sector, delivers a line in the film as he goes down the list of people unwanted and banished from the country’s boarders. This list, in addition to teens with sexually transmitted diseases and homosexuals, names Muslims specifically.In 2005, there was still unease in America about Muslim-Americans and risks they might pose to national security, much like the unrest about American-Japanese citizens that marked the time after the onset of World War II. Det ective Finch, the detective working the V case to track him down before the revolutionary date, has a discussion with his partner after unearthing facts about the government. â€Å"If your government was responsible for the deaths of almost a hundred thousand people, would you really want to know? This observation has striking similarity to theories voiced by a small portion of society who claim the attacks on the World Trade Center were carried out by our own government. The number 5 is a common theme in the film: the number of V’s cell in the concentration camp, the fifth of November being the date of the revolution, and the number of branches to the British government [they call the branches the nose, eyes, finger, ear and mouth]. This is also the number of branches of our military: The Army, the Marine Corps, the Navy, the Air force and Homeland Security Coast Guard.Whether or not this parallel is intentional, it is one I noticed. A blacklist is also mentioned in the film after Chancellor Suttler demands the 1812 Overture, which played during the Old Bailey Statue’s explosion, be added to the back list so he may â€Å"never hear it ag ain. † This is the only Cold War reference in the film which tells me is was intended to be a more general statement about government censorship and control of information made available to the public.One political, or even social, statement made in the film that I agree with is Finch’s statement about how this †terrorist† still has human emotions, shown by his taking and protection of Evey after she rescues him. I believe one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter and people will always be at odds with each other. It is important to remember that even the most violent people do have passions and concerns. When one fights that hard for something, it obviously means a great deal to them. People are quick to forget about the humanity element in wars.During the investigation, Finch and his partner watch V on a video monitor as he stands over Evey’s unconscious body. Finch’s partner says, â€Å"He’s a terrorist. You can’t expect him to act like you or me. † Finch, who sees that V took the girl to protect her out of compassion, responds with â€Å"some part of him is human†. Another statement made that I agreed with was one that also amused me. Detective Finch is searching for records of the concentration camp that supposedly imprisoned V years ago, but has little luck finding any.He says, â€Å"One thing is true of all governments; the most reliable records are tax records. † Isn’t that true? This movie used many effective avenues of media to reach its audience. It included and alluded to several other pieces of literature and music within the film itself, which was a very clever device used to influence audience members to explore those hints individually. Literature seen in the film like â€Å"The Count of Mote Cristo† and the theatrical play â€Å"Faust† may also hold clues to political statements made even more subliminally in the film if evaluated within the context. How to cite Politics in Modern Film (V for Vendetta), Papers